Abstract
The present investigation was conducted during 2023- 24 and 2024- 25 to evaluate the influence of nano chitosan, encapsulated Plant Growth- Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) bio- capsules and Trichoderma harzianum bio- capsules on the quality and yield traits of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco, under subtropical conditions. Treatments comprising soil- drenching applications of Nano chitosan, PGPR and T. harzianum individually and in combinations demonstrated significant improvements in biochemical and yield parameters. The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant). PCA revealed that the first two components accounted for 98.88% of the total variation, with PC1 alone explaining 98.01%. PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955). Treatment T8 exhibited the highest PC1 score, indicating its effectiveness in improving both biochemical quality and yield traits.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 59.32 mg/100 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest total soluble solids (11.85°Brix).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 11.85°Brixe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest total sugar (9.64 %).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- total sugare0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 9.64 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest TSS: acid ratio (13.31).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- TSS: acid ratioe0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 13.31e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- total anthocyanine0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 31.10 mg/100 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- total flavonoidse0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 33.92 mg/100 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- total phenol contente0
- Direction
- highest enhancemente0
- Value
- 77.04 mg GAE/100 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest fruits per plant (18.19 fruits per plant).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- fruits per plante0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 18.19 fruits per plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 gave the highest fruit yield per plant (199.99 g fruit yield per plant).
- Taxon
- strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)Fragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppme0
- Outcome
- fruit yield per plante0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 199.99 g fruit yield per plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The three- way combination treatment T8- Nano chitosan 100 ppm + T. harzianum 200 ppm + PGPR 200 ppm recorded the highest enhancement in ascorbic acid (59.32 mg/100 g), total soluble solids (11.85°Brix), total sugar (9.64 %), TSS: acid ratio (13.31), total anthocyanin (31.10 mg/100 g), total flavonoids (33.92 mg/100 g) and total phenol content (77.04 mg GAE/100 g), accompanied by superior yield performance (18.19 fruits per plant, 199.99 g fruit yield per plant).”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
The first two PCA components accounted for 98.88% of total variation.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- total variatione0
- Value
- 98.88%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCA revealed that the first two components accounted for 98.88% of the total variation, with PC1 alone explaining 98.01%.”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 explained 98.01% of total variation.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- total variatione0
- Value
- 98.01%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCA revealed that the first two components accounted for 98.88% of the total variation, with PC1 alone explaining 98.01%.”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Value
- 0.998e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was positively associated with total sugars (0.997).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- total sugarse0
- Value
- 0.997e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was positively associated with sugar:acid ratio (0.999).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- sugar:acid ratioe0
- Value
- 0.999e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was positively associated with total phenol content (0.979).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- total phenol contente0
- Value
- 0.979e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was positively associated with fruit yield per plant (0.998).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- fruit yield per plante0
- Value
- 0.998e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye0
- Value
- -0.988e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 was negatively associated with ascorbic acid (-0.955).
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide0
- Value
- -0.955e0
- Comparator
- PC1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 was positively associated with total soluble solids (0.998), total sugars (0.997), sugar:acid ratio (0.999), total phenol content (0.979) and fruit yield per plant (0.998) and negatively associated with titratable acidity (-0.988) and ascorbic acid (-0.955).”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
Claim · model-written summary
T8 had the highest PC1 score.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Treatment T8e0
- Outcome
- PC1 scoree0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T8 exhibited the highest PC1 score, indicating its effectiveness in improving both biochemical quality and yield traits.”
t0“yield and quality traits of strawberry cv. Flamenco”
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See all 16 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.