Abstract
A pot experiment for the 2024–2025 agricultural season was conducted using a completely randomized design to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum in the biological control of Alternaria solani, the cause of early blight on tomato plants, in vivo and in vitro. The bioactivity of the 15-day culture filtrate extracted from T. harzianum was assessed against pathogenic A. solani fungi. The dual culture assay (DCA) was calculated to evaluate the efficacy of T. harzianum on the pathogenic fungus in vitro. Chitinase and 𝛽-glucanase enzymes in T. harzianum were measured to determine their role in fungal cell degradation. To understand the role of T. harzianum filtrate in stimulating defensive enzymes in plants (in vivo), the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in tomato plants after treatment with T. harzianum filtrate. The results showed that, in the dual culture assay, the largest mean diameter of Trichoderma was (80.00 ± 0.71) in 7 days (168 hr), while A. solani showed the largest diameter (25.00±0.71) in 4 days and then decreased to the lowest diameter (10.20±0.66) in 7 days. The age of Trichoderma filtrate and the incubation period had significant differences (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) in A. solani colonies. The 15-day extracts of T. harzianum had significant cytotoxic effects toward A. solani. The results of chitinase and 𝛽-glucanase enzymes extracted from the culture medium of T. harzianum showed 2.87 and 1.68 Units/mL, respectively, compared with the control (non-Trichoderma cultured medium), which gave 0.021 and 0.013 Units/mL, respectively. The results also showed that the defensive enzymes in tomato plants (PAL, PPO, POD, and CAT) showed higher levels in plants treated with Trichoderma filtrate than in untreated plants, further supporting the role of Trichoderma filtrate in stimulating plant resistance. In vitro findings using several methodologies indicate that T. harzianum was the most effective in suppressing A. solani growth. It may serve as a possible biocontrol agent in the future.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In the dual culture assay, Trichoderma reached a mean diameter of 80.00 ± 0.71 at 7 days.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mean diameter of Trichodermae1
- Value
- 80.00 ± 0.71e1
- Setting
- dual culture assaye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e1“in the dual culture assay, the largest mean diameter of Trichoderma was (80.00 ± 0.71) in 7 days (168 hr)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria solani reached its largest diameter of 25.00±0.71 at 4 days in the dual culture assay.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie2pathogen - Outcome
- largest diametere2
- Value
- 25.00±0.71e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e2“A. solani showed the largest diameter (25.00±0.71) in 4 days and then decreased to the lowest diameter (10.20±0.66) in 7 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria solani diameter decreased to its lowest value of 10.20±0.66 at 7 days.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie2pathogen
- Outcome
- lowest diametere2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 10.20±0.66e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e2“A. solani showed the largest diameter (25.00±0.71) in 4 days and then decreased to the lowest diameter (10.20±0.66) in 7 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The age of the Trichoderma filtrate and the incubation period had significant effects on A. solani colonies.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- age of Trichoderma filtratee3
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie3pathogen
- Second interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- A. solani coloniese3
- Qualifier
- incubation periode3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e3“The age of Trichoderma filtrate and the incubation period had significant differences (𝑃 ≤ 0.05) in A. solani colonies”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts of T. harzianum had significant cytotoxic effects toward A. solani.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 15-day extracts of T. harzianume4
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie4pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cytotoxic effectse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e4“The 15-day extracts of T. harzianum had significant cytotoxic effects toward A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitinase activity of T. harzianum culture medium was 2.87 compared with 0.021 in the non-Trichoderma control.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- culture medium of T. harzianume5
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chitinasee5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Value
- 2.87e5
- Qualifier
- 0.021e5
- Comparator
- control (non-Trichoderma cultured medium)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e5“The results of chitinase and 𝛽-glucanase enzymes extracted from the culture medium of T. harzianum showed 2.87 and 1.68 Units/mL, respectively, compared with the control (non-Trichoderma cultured medium), which gave 0.021 and 0.013 Units/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucanase activity of T. harzianum culture medium was 1.68 Units/mL compared with 0.013 Units/mL in the non-Trichoderma control.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- culture medium of T. harzianume5
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- glucanasee5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Value
- 1.68 Units/mLe5
- Qualifier
- 0.013 Units/mLe5
- Comparator
- control (non-Trichoderma cultured medium)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e5“The results of chitinase and 𝛽-glucanase enzymes extracted from the culture medium of T. harzianum showed 2.87 and 1.68 Units/mL, respectively, compared with the control (non-Trichoderma cultured medium), which gave 0.021 and 0.013 Units/mL, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma filtrate treatment increased tomato PAL, PPO and POD activities compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- Trichoderma filtratee6
- Outcome
- PAL, PPO, PODe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- untreated plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e6“The results also showed that the defensive enzymes in tomato plants (PAL, PPO, POD, and CAT) showed higher levels in plants treated with Trichoderma filtrate than in untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma filtrate treatment increased tomato CAT activity compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- Trichoderma filtratee6
- Outcome
- CATe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- untreated plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e6“The results also showed that the defensive enzymes in tomato plants (PAL, PPO, POD, and CAT) showed higher levels in plants treated with Trichoderma filtrate than in untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective in suppressing A. solani growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume7
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie7pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- A. solani growthe7
- Direction
- most effectivee7
- Setting
- In vitroe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e7“In vitro findings using several methodologies indicate that T. harzianum was the most effective in suppressing A. solani growth. It may serve as a possible biocontrol agent in the future”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum may serve as a possible biocontrol agent in the future.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- possible biocontrol agente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e0“the cause of early blight on tomato plants”
e7“In vitro findings using several methodologies indicate that T. harzianum was the most effective in suppressing A. solani growth. It may serve as a possible biocontrol agent in the future”
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