Abstract
Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+ ) amelioration of the plant's growth response to salinity depends on genetic factors. In this work, supplemental Ca 2+ did not improve growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender under high‐saline conditions and negatively affected several physiological parameters in nonsalinized plants. The response to supplemental Ca 2+ was examined using plants grown in 25% modified Hoagland solution at different Na + : Ca 2+ ratios. In control plants (1 mM Ca 2+ ; 1 mM Na + ) surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM) was associated with stomatal closure, decrease of hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf specific dry weight, leaf K + and leaf Mg 2+ concentrations, and inhibition of CO 2 assimilation. Leaf water content was enhanced, while water‐use efficiency and dry matter were unaffected during the 15 d experimental period. The Ca 2+ effect was not cation‐specific since similar results were found in plants supplied with high external Mg 2+ or with a combination of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . Relative to control plants, salinization (50 and 100 mM NaCl) caused a decrease in dry matter, hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf Mg 2+ activity, and inhibition of stomatal opening and CO 2 assimilation. However, NaCl (50 and 100 mM NaCl) enhanced leaf K + concentration and water‐use efficiency. At 100 mM NaCl, leaf water content also significantly increased. Supplemental Ca 2+ had no amelioration effect on the salt‐stress response of this bean cultivar. In contrast, the 50 mM–NaCl treatment improved stomatal conductance and CO 2 ‐assimilation rate in plants exposed to the highest Ca 2+ concentration (10 mM). Phaseolus vulgaris is classified as a very NaCl‐sensitive species. The similarities in the effects caused by supplemental Ca 2+ , supplemental Mg 2+ , and NaCl salinity suggest that P. vulgaris cv. Contender has a high non‐ion‐specific salt sensitivity. On the other hand, the improvement in gas‐exchange parameters in Ca 2+ ‐supplemented plants by high NaCl could be the result of specific Na + ‐triggered responses, such as an increase in the concentration of K + in the leaves.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental calcium failed to improve growth under high salinity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- supplemental Ca 2+e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplemental Ca 2+ did not improve growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender under high‐saline conditions”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Surplus calcium was associated with stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM) was associated with stomatal closure, decrease of hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf specific dry weight, leaf K + and leaf Mg 2+ concentrations, and inhibition of CO 2 assimilation.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Surplus calcium reduced hydraulic conductivity and sap flow.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM)e0
- Outcome
- hydraulic conductivity, sap flowe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM) was associated with stomatal closure, decrease of hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf specific dry weight, leaf K + and leaf Mg 2+ concentrations, and inhibition of CO 2 assimilation.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Surplus calcium reduced leaf specific dry weight and leaf potassium and magnesium concentrations.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM)e0
- Outcome
- leaf specific dry weight, leaf K + and leaf Mg 2+ concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM) was associated with stomatal closure, decrease of hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf specific dry weight, leaf K + and leaf Mg 2+ concentrations, and inhibition of CO 2 assimilation.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Surplus calcium inhibited carbon dioxide assimilation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM)e0
- Outcome
- CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“surplus Ca 2+ (4 or 10 mM) was associated with stomatal closure, decrease of hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf specific dry weight, leaf K + and leaf Mg 2+ concentrations, and inhibition of CO 2 assimilation.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Surplus calcium enhanced leaf water content.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Outcome
- Leaf water contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf water content was enhanced, while water‐use efficiency and dry matter were unaffected during the 15 d experimental period.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Surplus calcium left water use efficiency and dry matter unaffected.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Outcome
- water‐use efficiency and dry mattere0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf water content was enhanced, while water‐use efficiency and dry matter were unaffected during the 15 d experimental period.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
High external magnesium or combined calcium and magnesium gave similar responses to calcium.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- high external Mg 2+ or with a combination of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+e0
- Outcome
- similar resultse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar results were found in plants supplied with high external Mg 2+ or with a combination of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ .”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced dry matter, hydraulic conductivity, sap flow and leaf magnesium activity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- salinization (50 and 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- dry matter, hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf Mg 2+ activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to control plants, salinization (50 and 100 mM NaCl) caused a decrease in dry matter, hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf Mg 2+ activity, and inhibition of stomatal opening and CO 2 assimilation.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity inhibited stomatal opening and carbon dioxide assimilation.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- salinization (50 and 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- stomatal opening and CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to control plants, salinization (50 and 100 mM NaCl) caused a decrease in dry matter, hydraulic conductivity, sap flow, leaf Mg 2+ activity, and inhibition of stomatal opening and CO 2 assimilation.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride increased leaf potassium concentration and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- NaCl (50 and 100 mM NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- leaf K + concentration and water‐use efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl (50 and 100 mM NaCl) enhanced leaf K + concentration and water‐use efficiency.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 mM, sodium chloride significantly increased leaf water content.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle0
- Outcome
- leaf water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 100 mM NaCl, leaf water content also significantly increased.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental calcium did not ameliorate the bean salt stress response.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- Supplemental Ca 2+e0
- Outcome
- salt‐stress responsee0
- Direction
- no amelioratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplemental Ca 2+ had no amelioration effect on the salt‐stress response of this bean cultivar.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50 mM sodium chloride treatment improved stomatal conductance and carbon dioxide assimilation at the highest calcium concentration.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- 50 mM–NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and CO 2 ‐assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 50 mM–NaCl treatment improved stomatal conductance and CO 2 ‐assimilation rate in plants exposed to the highest Ca 2+ concentration (10 mM).”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer high non-ion-specific salt sensitivity in Contender.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Material
- Contendere1
- Treatment
- high NaCle0
- Outcome
- improvement in gas‐exchange parameterse0
- Qualifier
- could be the result of specific Na + ‐triggered responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the improvement in gas‐exchange parameters in Ca 2+ ‐supplemented plants by high NaCl could be the result of specific Na + ‐triggered responses, such as an increase in the concentration of K + in the leaves.”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender”
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