Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the beneficial effect of suppression of the Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene, PGB2, on somatic embryogenesis occurs through the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) within the embryogenic cells originating from the cultured explant. NO activates the expression of Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2), genes encoding two key enzymes of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway, elevating JA content within the embryogenic tissue. The number of embryos in the single aos1-1 mutant and pgb2-aos1-1 double mutant declined, and was not rescued by increasing levels of NO stimulating embryogenesis in wild-type tissue. NO also influenced JA responses by up-regulating PLANT DEFENSIN 1 (PDF1) and JASMONATE-ZIM-PROTEIN (JAZ1), as well as down-regulating MYC2. The NO and JA modulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 controlled embryogenesis. Ectopic expression of JAZ1 or suppression of MYC2 promoted the formation of somatic embryos, while repression of JAZ1 and up-regulation of MYC2 reduced the embryogenic performance. Sustained expression of JAZ1 induced the transcription of several indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic genes, resulting in higher IAA levels in the embryogenic cells. Collectively these data fit a model integrating JA in the PGB2 regulation of Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Suppression of PGB2 increases JA through NO. Elevated levels of JA repress MYC2 and induce JAZ1, favoring the accumulation of IAA in the explants and the subsequent production of somatic embryos.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
AOS and LOX2 expression was activated by NO.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Gene
- Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2)e0
- Compound
- NOe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO activates the expression of Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2)”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
NO elevated JA content in embryogenic tissue.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Organ / stage
- embryogenic tissuee0
- Compound
- NOe1
- Outcome
- JA contente0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevating JA content within the embryogenic tissue”
e1“NO activates the expression of Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2)”
e2“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Embryo number declined in the aos1-1 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- aos1-1 mutante0
- Outcome
- number of embryose0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of embryos in the single aos1-1 mutant and pgb2-aos1-1 double mutant declined”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Embryo number declined in the pgb2-aos1-1 double mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- pgb2-aos1-1 double mutante0
- Outcome
- number of embryose0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of embryos in the single aos1-1 mutant and pgb2-aos1-1 double mutant declined”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NO did not rescue the reduced embryo number in aos1-1 backgrounds.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Treatment
- increasing levels of NOe0
- Outcome
- number of embryose1
- Direction
- not rescuede0
- Comparator
- wild-type tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was not rescued by increasing levels of NO stimulating embryogenesis in wild-type tissue”
e1“The number of embryos in the single aos1-1 mutant and pgb2-aos1-1 double mutant declined”
e2“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
NO up-regulated PDF1 and JAZ1 expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- NOe0
- Gene
- PLANT DEFENSIN 1 (PDF1) and JASMONATE-ZIM-PROTEIN (JAZ1)e0
- Outcome
- JA responsese0
- Direction
- up-regulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO also influenced JA responses by up-regulating PLANT DEFENSIN 1 (PDF1) and JASMONATE-ZIM-PROTEIN (JAZ1)”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
NO down-regulated MYC2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as down-regulating MYC2”
e1“NO also influenced JA responses”
e2“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic JAZ1 expression promoted somatic embryo formation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of JAZ1e0
- Gene
- JAZ1e0
- Outcome
- formation of somatic embryose0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of JAZ1 or suppression of MYC2 promoted the formation of somatic embryos”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Suppression of MYC2 promoted somatic embryo formation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- suppression of MYC2e0
- Gene
- MYC2e0
- Outcome
- formation of somatic embryose0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ectopic expression of JAZ1 or suppression of MYC2 promoted the formation of somatic embryos”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Repression of JAZ1 reduced embryogenic performance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- repression of JAZ1e0
- Gene
- JAZ1e0
- Outcome
- embryogenic performancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repression of JAZ1 and up-regulation of MYC2 reduced the embryogenic performance”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Up-regulation of MYC2 reduced embryogenic performance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- up-regulation of MYC2e0
- Gene
- MYC2e0
- Outcome
- embryogenic performancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repression of JAZ1 and up-regulation of MYC2 reduced the embryogenic performance”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Sustained JAZ1 expression induced transcription of several IAA biosynthetic genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- Sustained expression of JAZ1e0
- Gene
- JAZ1e0
- Outcome
- transcription of several indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained expression of JAZ1 induced the transcription of several indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic genes”
e1“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
Sustained JAZ1 expression resulted in higher IAA levels in embryogenic cells.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Organ / stage
- embryogenic cellse0
- Treatment
- Sustained expression of JAZ1e1
- Outcome
- IAA levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in higher IAA levels in the embryogenic cells”
e1“Sustained expression of JAZ1”
e2“Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene”
Claim · model-written summary
PGB2 suppression increased JA through NO.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suppression of PGB2 increases JA through NO”
e1“Arabidopsis embryogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated JA repressed MYC2 and induced JAZ1, favoring IAA accumulation and somatic embryos.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- MYC2 and induce JAZ1e0
- Compound
- JAe0
- Outcome
- production of somatic embryose0
- Qualifier
- accumulation of IAA in the explantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated levels of JA repress MYC2 and induce JAZ1, favoring the accumulation of IAA in the explants and the subsequent production of somatic embryos”
e1“Arabidopsis embryogenesis”
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