Abstract
Five super japonica rice cultivars were grown by mechanical transplanting in field and seven N treatments with total N application rate of 0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300 and 337.5 kg x hm(-2) respectively were adopted to study the effects of N rate on rice yield, quality and N use efficiency. The differences between N requirement for obtaining the highest yield and for achieving the best economic benefit were compared. With the increase of N fertilizer rate, the yields of five super japonica rice cultivars increased firstly and then descended, achieving the highest yield at the N level of 300 kg x hm(-2) ranging from 10.33-10.60 kg x hm(-2). Yield increase mainly attributed to the large number of spikelet, for the total spikelet number of each rice cultivar reached the maximum value at the 300 kg x hm(-2) N level. With the increase of N application, the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein content of the five super japonica rice cultivars were all increased, and the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein con- tent were higher at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 3.3%-4.2%, 2.9%-6.0%, 4.4%-33.7% and 23.8%-44.3%, respectively. While the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value of the five rice cultivars were all decreased, and the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value were lower at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 12.4%-38.9%, 10.3%-28.5% and 20.3%-29.7%, respectively. The chalkiness increased firstly and then decreased while the change of chalky rate varied with the cultivars. With the increase of N application, the N use efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency and physiological N use efficiency decreased while the N uptake of grain increased significantly. If the cost of N fertilizer was taken into account, the N fertilizer amount to obtain the optimal economic benefits would be 275.68 kg x hm(-2) with the corresponding yield of 9.97 t x hm(-2). Therefore, in the existing super rice production, classified management of N fertilizer would be required to meet differentiated demands of high yield, good quality, high efficiency, low N fertilizer input and so on.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yields first increased and then declined as nitrogen rate rose, peaking at 300 kg x hm(-2) with 10.33-10.60 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- N fertilizer ratee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increased firstly and then descendede0
- Value
- 10.33-10.60 kg x hm(-2)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N fertilizer rate, the yields of five super japonica rice cultivars increased firstly and then descended, achieving the highest yield at the N level of 300 kg x hm(-2) ranging from 10.33-10.60 kg x hm(-2).”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice spikelet number was highest at 300 kg x hm(-2) nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N levele0
- Outcome
- total spikelet numbere0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total spikelet number of each rice cultivar reached the maximum value at the 300 kg x hm(-2) N level”
Claim · model-written summary
rates of brown rice increased with nitrogen application by 3.3%-4.2% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- rates of brown ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.3%-4.2%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein content of the five super japonica rice cultivars were all increased, and the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein con- tent were higher at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 3.3%-4.2%, 2.9%-6.0%, 4.4%-33.7% and 23.8%-44.3%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
milled rice increased with nitrogen application by 2.9%-6.0% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- milled ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.9%-6.0%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein content of the five super japonica rice cultivars were all increased, and the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein con- tent were higher at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 3.3%-4.2%, 2.9%-6.0%, 4.4%-33.7% and 23.8%-44.3%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
head milled rice increased with nitrogen application by 4.4%-33.7% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- head milled ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.4%-33.7%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein content of the five super japonica rice cultivars were all increased, and the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein con- tent were higher at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 3.3%-4.2%, 2.9%-6.0%, 4.4%-33.7% and 23.8%-44.3%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
protein content increased with nitrogen application by 23.8%-44.3% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.8%-44.3%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein content of the five super japonica rice cultivars were all increased, and the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head milled rice and the protein con- tent were higher at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 3.3%-4.2%, 2.9%-6.0%, 4.4%-33.7% and 23.8%-44.3%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
amylose content decreased with nitrogen application by 12.4%-38.9% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N levele0
- Outcome
- amylose contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 12.4%-38.9%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value of the five rice cultivars were all decreased, and the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value were lower at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 12.4%-38.9%, 10.3%-28.5% and 20.3%-29.7%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
gel consistency decreased with nitrogen application by 10.3%-28.5% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N levele0
- Outcome
- gel consistencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.3%-28.5%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value of the five rice cultivars were all decreased, and the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value were lower at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 12.4%-38.9%, 10.3%-28.5% and 20.3%-29.7%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
taste value decreased with nitrogen application by 20.3%-29.7% at 337.5 versus 0 kg x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N levele0
- Outcome
- taste valuee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20.3%-29.7%e0
- Comparator
- 0 kg x hm(-2) N levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value of the five rice cultivars were all decreased, and the amylose content, gel consistency and taste value were lower at 337.5 kg x hm(-2) N level than at 0 kg x hm(-2) N level by 12.4%-38.9%, 10.3%-28.5% and 20.3%-29.7%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice chalkiness first increased and then decreased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- chalkinesse0
- Direction
- increased firstly and then decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chalkiness increased firstly and then decreased while the change of chalky rate varied with the cultivars.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Change in rice chalky rate varied among cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- change of chalky ratee0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chalkiness increased firstly and then decreased while the change of chalky rate varied with the cultivars.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
N use efficiency decreased as nitrogen application increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the N use efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency and physiological N use efficiency decreased while the N uptake of grain increased significantly.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
agronomic N use efficiency decreased as nitrogen application increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- agronomic N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the N use efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency and physiological N use efficiency decreased while the N uptake of grain increased significantly.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
physiological N use efficiency decreased as nitrogen application increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- physiological N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the N use efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency and physiological N use efficiency decreased while the N uptake of grain increased significantly.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
N uptake of grain increased as nitrogen application increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- N uptake of graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the increase of N application, the N use efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency and physiological N use efficiency decreased while the N uptake of grain increased significantly.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Accounting for fertilizer cost, optimal economic benefit was estimated at 275.68 kg x hm(-2) nitrogen and a yield of 9.97 t x hm(-2).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- optimal economic benefitse0
- Value
- 275.68 kg x hm(-2)e0
- Qualifier
- 9.97 t x hm(-2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If the cost of N fertilizer was taken into account, the N fertilizer amount to obtain the optimal economic benefits would be 275.68 kg x hm(-2) with the corresponding yield of 9.97 t x hm(-2).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend differentiated nitrogen management to balance rice yield, quality, efficiency, and input.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- classified management of N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, in the existing super rice production, classified management of N fertilizer would be required to meet differentiated demands of high yield, good quality, high efficiency, low N fertilizer input and so on.”
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