Integrated nutrient management enhances soil physico-chemical properties, yield and grain quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Nutrient imbalance and over-reliance on chemical fertilisers remain major constraints to sustaining wheat productivity and grain quality. To address this issue, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Student Instructional Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The study evaluated the effects of integrated nutrient sources on soil physico-chemical properties and wheat grain quality. The experimental design followed a randomised block layout, incorporating 11 distinct treatments replicated thrice. The integrated treatment comprising 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1) (T10) significantly improved grain yield, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability. Grain quality parameters, including protein, lysine and methionine contents, were also significantly enhanced under integrated nutrient management across both years.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 4

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Integrated nutrient treatment T10 significantly improved grain yield.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: improvede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Triticum aestivum* · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Azotobacter* · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)DAN H. JONES · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“The integrated treatment comprising 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1) (T10) significantly improved grain yield, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 611–952 · show in text ↑

t0
“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–129 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Integrated nutrient treatment T10 significantly improved soil organic carbon.

Treatment: 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Outcome: soil organic carbone0
Direction: improvede0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The integrated treatment comprising 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1) (T10) significantly improved grain yield, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 611–952 · show in text ↑

t0
“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–129 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Integrated nutrient treatment T10 significantly improved nutrient availability.

Treatment: 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1)e0
Interactor: AzotobacterAzotobactere0symbiont
Outcome: nutrient availabilitye0
Direction: improvede0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“The integrated treatment comprising 100 % recommended nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) + sulphur (S) (40 kg ha-1), zinc (Zn) (5 kg ha-1), iron (Fe) (10 kg ha-1), Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) + farmyard manure (FYM) (5 t ha-1) (T10) significantly improved grain yield, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 611–952 · show in text ↑

t0
“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–129 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Integrated nutrient management significantly enhanced grain protein, lysine, and methionine contents in both years.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: integrated nutrient managemente0
Outcome: protein, lysine and methionine contentse0
Direction: enhancede0
Qualifier: across both yearse0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Grain quality parameters, including protein, lysine and methionine contents, were also significantly enhanced under integrated nutrient management across both years.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 953–1118 · show in text ↑

t0
“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 101–129 · show in text ↑

zinc atom · soil: chemistry · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

14 papers: 11 positive, 3 negative or no effect

10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

no effect
Zinc supply did not change soil pH at any sulfur rate.
Interaction Effect of Zinc and Elemental Sulfur on Their Uptake by Spring Wheat · 2005
Opposite direction
negative
Zn application decreased available P.
Phosphorus, zinc and organic matter interaction in relation to uptake, tissue concentration and absorption rate of phosphorus in wheat · 1995
Opposite direction
no effect
Phosphorus and zinc levels did not significantly change measured soil properties.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on Wheat Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Post Harvest Soil Fertility Status · 2025
Opposite direction

10 papers more in this group

See all 14 papers →

iron atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

74 papers: 61 positive, 13 negative or no effect

60 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Fe stress did not significantly influence Cd uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Phytosiderophores Influence on Cadmium Mobilization and Uptake by Wheat and Barley Plants · 2001
Opposite direction
no effect
Fe had little effect on Zn or Mn transport in wheat.
Manipulation of xylem transport affects Zn and Mn transport into developing wheat grains of cultured ears · 1996
Opposite direction
no effect
Foliar iron did not significantly affect grain iron concentration in wheat cultivars.
Effects of foliar application of micronutrients on concentration and bioavailability of zinc and iron in wheat landraces and cultivars · 2021
Opposite direction

70 papers more in this group

See all 74 papers →

Azotobacter · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

88 papers: 87 positive, 1 negative or no effect

86 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

84 papers more in this group

See all 88 papers →

iron atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

99 papers: 92 positive, 7 negative or no effect

91 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction

no effect
soil application of Fe-EDDHA did not significantly affect wheat dry matter yield.
Interaction of Iron with Copper, Zinc, and Manganese in Wheat as Affected by Iron and Manganese in a Calcareous Soil · 2008
Opposite direction
no effect
Severe iron decrement did not affect crop growth or yield contributing parameters.
Effects of Iron on the Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.) by Uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium · 2012
Opposite direction
no effect
Iron did not significantly influence wheat growth and yield.
Effect of sulphur and micronutrients on growth, nutrient content and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). · 2000
Opposite direction

95 papers more in this group

See all 99 papers →

zinc atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

380 papers: 347 positive, 33 negative or no effect

346 papers in the same direction as this paper · 33 in the opposite direction

negative
Exudates from zinc-deficient grasses greatly increased zinc and iron mobilization.
Release of zinc mobilizing root exudates in different plant species as affected by zinc nutritional status · 1991
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
negative
Deficient zinc pretreatment increased net zinc uptake in both genotypes.
Uptake of zinc from chelate-buffered nutrient solutions by wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency · 1996
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
no effect
Zinc fertilization did not influence mean shoot boron concentration.
EFFECTS OF ZINC FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND SHOOT CONCENTRATIONS OF ZINC, BORON, AND PHOSPHORUS OF 25 WHEAT CULTIVARS GROWN ON A ZINC-DEFICIENT AND BORON-TOXIC SOIL · 2001
Opposite direction

376 papers more in this group

See all 380 papers →

zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

511 papers: 456 positive, 55 negative or no effect

455 papers in the same direction as this paper · 49 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Zinc application yielded hardly any benefit.
Landscape positions dictating crop fertilizer responses in wheat-based farming systems of East African Highlands · 2020
Opposite direction
negative
Zinc inhibited non mycorrhizal wheat root dry yield.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal strategy for zinc mycoremediation and diminished translocation to shoots and grains in wheat · 2017
Opposite direction
no effect
Foliar Zn had no significant effect on wheat grain yield.
Foliar zinc fertilization improves the zinc nutritional value of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain · 2011
Opposite direction

507 papers more in this group

See all 511 papers →

iron atom · soil: chemistry · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

6 papers: 5 positive, 1 negative or no effect

4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

Azotobacter · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

14 papers: 13 positive, 1 negative or no effect

12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

no effect
Bacterial inoculation did not significantly affect manganese concentration, content or root-to-shoot translocation in wheat.
Effects of Microbial Siderophores Produced by Native Azotobacter chroococcum Strains on Micronutrients Uptake by Wheat Plant · 2012
Opposite direction
positive
The integrated treatment significantly increased nutrient uptake in wheat grain and straw.
Integrated nutrient management in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system · 2023 · compared with 100% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha + Azotobacter + PSB
Same direction
positive
Combined Azotobacter and 10 G 3 M L-TRP application significantly increased nitrogen concentration in grains by 31.4%.
Azotobacter and L-tryptophan Application for Improving Wheat Yield · 1999 · compared with untreated control
Same direction

10 papers more in this group

See all 14 papers →

8 of 22 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 4

The same questions in other papers

zinc atom · soil: chemistry · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

iron atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

Azotobacter · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

iron atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

zinc atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

iron atom · soil: chemistry · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

Azotobacter · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results