Search claims · PlantClaims

Intervention effect 193

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Embryo survival was generally highest at 3% sucrose.

Taxon: CeleryApium graveolens Dulce Groupt0
Treatment: 3% sucrosee0
Outcome: Embryo survivale0
Direction: higheste0
Qualifier: with or without embryo encapsulatione0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Embryo survival was generally highest at 3% sucrose with or without embryo encapsulation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 464–552

t0
“Celery”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 98–104

Title

ABA and Polyox-encapsulation or High Humidity Increases Survival of Desiccated Somatic Embryos of Celery

Yong-Hwan Kim; Jules Janick HortScience 1989. doi:10.21273/hortsci.24.4.674

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect ABA pretreatment increased survival of desiccated celery somatic embryos.
Intervention effect Polyox encapsulation increased survival of desiccated celery somatic embryos.
Observation Nonencapsulated embryos survived 48 or 72 hours at 70% or 90% relative humidity.
Observation No nonencapsulated embryos survived desiccation at 30% or 50% relative humidity.
Observation Polyox-encapsulated embryos survived seven to nine days of desiccation at 70% relative humidity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Carbenicillin did not affect embryo survival in IAS5.

Material: cv. IAS5e0
Treatment: This antibiotice0
Outcome: embryo survivale0
Direction: did not affecte0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0
“This antibiotic did not affect embryo survival of cv. IAS5”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 276–334

Title

Influence of antibiotics on embryogenic tissue and Agrobacterium tumefaciens suppression in soybean genetic transformation

Beatriz Wiebke; Fabricio Ferreira; Giancarlo Pasquali; et al. Bragantia 2006. doi:10.1590/s0006-87052006000400002

Other claims from this paper (8)

Observation Carbenicillin had a genotype dependent effect on soybean embryogenic tissue.
Intervention effect Carbenicillin tripled embryo proliferation in Bragg versus control.
Intervention effect Cefotaxime at 350 and 500 mg L-1 killed embryogenic tissue in both cultivars.
Intervention effect Cefotaxime plus vancomycin did not harm somatic embryos through 63 days.
Intervention effect Carbenicillin at 500 and 1000 mg L-1 did not suppress Agrobacterium in tissue culture.
Intervention effect Cefotaxime at 350 and 500 mg L-1 suppressed Agrobacterium for 49 days.
Intervention effect Cefotaxime plus vancomycin suppressed Agrobacterium for 49 days.
Recommendation The authors recommend cefotaxime plus vancomycin for 49 to 63 days in soybean transformation.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Thawing technique did not affect embryo survival.

Taxon: Picea spp.Piceae1
Treatment: Thawing techniquese0
Outcome: embryo survivale0
Direction: no effecte0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Thawing techniques had no effect on embryo survival.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 854–906

e1
“Picea spp.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 112–122

Title

Dried Cryopreserved Somatic Embryos of Two Picea Species Provide Suitable Material for Direct Plantlet Regeneration and Germplasm Storage

C Bomal Annals of Botany 2000. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1176

Other claims from this paper (11)

Intervention effect Slow drying at 97 or 88% RH produced 96.7–100% germination.
Intervention effect Slow drying at 97 or 88% RH produced 26.7–46.7% plantlet conversion.
Intervention effect Embryos dried to 0.23 g H 2 O g −1 d.wt before freezing germinated at 93.8%.
Observation Dried cryopreserved Picea embryos could reinduce embryogenic tissue.
Observation Dried cryopreserved Picea embryos could start new embryo production.
Intervention effect Drying at 97% RH and rehydration at 100% RH for 12 h gave 66.7% reinduction.
Observation Embryo production did not differ between parent line and sublines.
Observation Second generation embryos germinated at rates similar to controls.
Observation Second generation embryos regenerated into plantlets at rates similar to controls.
Method / resource The optimal cryopreservation method worked across several P. mariana genotypes.
Method / resource The optimal cryopreservation method worked across several P. glauca genotypes.

Observation 139

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Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The survival rate of somatic embryo-derived seedlings reached 85%.

Taxon: Pinus elliottiiPinus elliottiie0
Outcome: survival rate of somatic embryo-derived seedlingse1
Value: 85%e1

Verbatim

e0
“Pinus elliottii, a key economic conifer in southern China”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 0–57

e1
“the survival rate of somatic embryo-derived seedlings reached 85%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1101–1166

Title

Establishment of Efficient Somatic Embryo Maturation System of Pinus elliottii

Lin Xu; Zhaolei Deng; Shan Hu; et al. Plants 2025. doi:10.3390/plants14131985

Other claims from this paper (7)

Association The genotype of Pinus elliottii significantly influences the induction rate of embryogenic callus.
Intervention effect The liquid-solid induction method increased the number of mature embryos by 25.85 times.
Intervention effect A 3-week pretreatment followed by ABA, PSK and COS enhanced somatic embryo maturation efficiency.
Intervention effect Activated carbon significantly promoted somatic embryo maturation and germination.
Intervention effect 1 g/L activated carbon induced 288.67 mature embryos per gram of embryogenic callus.
Observation 1 g/L activated carbon gave a total of 1452 embryos.
Intervention effect 4 g/L activated carbon achieved a germination rate of 63%.

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

ELD1 is essential for rice embryo survival.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Gene: ELD1e0
Outcome: rice embryo survivale0

Verbatim

t0
“in rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–118

e0
“ELD1, a CCHC-type zinc finger protein that is essential for rice embryo survival”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 232–312

Title

ELD1 mediates photoperiodic flowering via OsCCA1 alternative splicing and interacts with phytochrome signaling in rice

Liang Cai; Benyuan Hao; Zhuang Xu; et al. Nature Communications 2025. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60839-6

Other claims from this paper (4)

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Survival rate in embryo culture averaged 47.4%.

Taxon: LiliumLiliumt0
Treatment: embryo culturee5
Outcome: survival rate in embryo culturee5
Direction: averagede5
Value: 47.4%e5

Verbatim

t0
“Lilium concolor”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 39–54

e5
“The survival rate in embryo culture varied among the crosses but averaged 47.4%”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1056–1135

Title

Introduction of the Characteristics of Lilium concolor into L. ^|^times; 'Asiatic Hybrids' by Crossing through Style-cutting Pollination and Embryo Culture

Keiichi Okazaki; Joichi Kawada; Masaaki Kunishige; et al. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 1995. doi:10.2503/jjshs.63.825

Other claims from this paper (18)

Observation No seed set occurred in the cross of L. concolor with Asiatic Hybrids by normal or cut-style pollination.
Observation Hybrids were obtained in the reciprocal cross by cut-style pollination and embryo culture.
Observation The ovary set rate was 100% in the reciprocal cross.
Observation Average number of embryos per ovary was 5.1, ranging from 0.5 to 21.
Observation Hybrid seeds did not germinate in vermiculite.
Observation Average pollen fertility rate among 11 hybrids was 72.9%.
Observation Hybrids backcrossed with L. concolor produced many seeds.
Observation Hybrids backcrossed to Asiatic Hybrids yielded few seeds.
Observation Asiatic Hybrids produced many seeds when pollinated with hybrid pollen.
Observation L. concolor produced no seed when pollinated with hybrid pollen.
Observation About half of the seeds obtained from backcrosses were abnormal.
Observation Only 20.3 to 34.0% of backcross seeds germinated in vermiculite.
Intervention effect Excised immature embryos increased survival rate above 73.6% in backcrosses.
Observation Flowers and leaves of hybrids were intermediate between their parents.
Observation Hybrids grew vigorously, with longer stems and more flowers per inflorescence than their parents.
Observation Hybrids were similar to L. concolor rather than to the Asiatic Hybrids, with relatively small flowers and slender leaves.
Observation Hybrids forced in winter flowered in about 90 days.
Observation Hybrids cultured after bulb harvest and storage flowered in about 65 days.

Association 70

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Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Twin embryo survival was sometimes poorer than single embryo survival.

Taxon: PelargoniumPelargoniumt0
Outcome: survival of embryos in twinse0
Direction: poorere0
Comparator: singlese0

Verbatim

e0
“the survival of embryos in twins is sometimes poorer than in singles”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1087–1155

t0
“Pelargonium”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–58

Title

The Occurrence and Survival of Twin Embryos in Pelargonium × Hortorum Bailey

A. J. KUBBA; R. A. E. TILNEY-BASSETT Annals of Botany 1980. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085887

Other claims from this paper (9)

Observation Twin embryos were rare despite two ovules per carpel.
Association Twin embryo frequency correlated with variance in cultivar fertility.
Association Twin embryo frequency did not correlate with low mean fertility.
Association Plastids had no effect in the analysis of variance.
Association Cultivars differed significantly, indicating genetic heterogeneity.
Observation Self and hybrid families supported a genetic basis for twin formation.
Association Lower parental twin frequency corresponded to fewer offspring families with twins and a lower overall mean.
Observation A few self and hybrid families reached 16.4 per cent twin frequency.
Association Upper twin embryos tended to survive better than lower twin embryos.

Associationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Embryo survival depends on seedless grape genotype.

Taxon: Grapet0
Material: seedless veritiese0
Outcome: embryo survivale0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0
“embryo survival depends on genotype of seedless verities”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 848–904

t0
“Grape Varieties”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–114

Title

Evaluation of the Effects of Cluster Numbers Removal on Embryo Emergence of Central Asian Seedless Grape Varieties

Khurshida A Ubaydullaeva; Humoyun N Yusupov; Sadulla A Abdullaev; et al. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 2025. doi:10.3329/ptcb.v35i1.82601

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Removing clusters did not change embryo number.
Intervention effect Removing clusters significantly increased berry number.
Intervention effect Removing clusters significantly increased berry mass.
Observation Kishnish Sogdiana and Kishmish Terakli differed significantly in cluster and berry numbers.
Observation Kishnish Sogdiana and Belya Rosa differed significantly in berry mass.
Recommendation The authors recommend broader studies across grape cultivars before applying embryo rescue.

Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Longer desiccation increased embryo survival.

Taxon: grape (Vitis vinifera L.)Vitis viniferat0
Treatment: duration of desiccatione0
Outcome: embryo survivale0
Direction: increasede0

Verbatim

e0
“as the duration of desiccation prolonged,the embryo survival and germination rates increased”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 328–420

t0
“grape (Vitis vinifera L.)”
✓ located after whitespace/quote normalisation · title, characters 36–61

Title

Preservation of Somatic Embryo from Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Wang Ya Chih Wu Sheng Li Hsueh T'ung Hsun 2008

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effect At 40%-50% water loss, somatic embryo germination was about 58%, above 9.4% without desiccation.
Association Higher relative humidity slowed embryo water loss.
Association Longer desiccation increased germination.
Intervention effect At 70% relative humidity for 15 days, germination rose from 33.5% to 56.2%.

Mechanism 22

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Mechanismhypothesisoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nuclear degradation products were postulated to improve embryo survival, growth, and multiplication.

Taxon: Norway SprucePicea abiest0
Outcome: enhance embryo survival, growth, and multiplicatione0
Qualifier: salvage of nuclear degradation productse0

Verbatim

t0
“Norway Spruce”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 76–89

e0
“The salvage of nuclear degradation products was postulated to enhance embryo survival, growth, and multiplication by cleavage polyembryony”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1182–1320

Title

Apoptosis During Diploid Parthenogenesis and Early Somatic Embryogenesis of Norway Spruce

L. Havel; D. J. Durzan International Journal of Plant Sciences 1996. doi:10.1086/297315

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation Specific nuclei were eliminated during diploid parthenogenesis.
Observation Nuclei became pycnotic and fragmented.
Observation Tubular axial-tier cells lost interphase nucleoli before enucleation.
Mechanism Apoptosis involved endonuclease activation and cell death.
Method / resource TUNEL stained apoptotic nuclei red.
Observation Nonapoptotic embryonal nuclei fluoresced strongly with DAPI.
Observation Nuclei reacted blue with Giemsa in TUNEL-probed cells.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Extra C chromosomes may have facilitated gamete success or embryo survival.

Taxon: Brassica rapaBrassica rapae1
Outcome: gamete success and/or embryo survivale0
Qualifier: extra C‐chromosomese0

Verbatim

e0
“suggesting that extra C‐chromosomes facilitated gamete success and/or embryo survival.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 783–869

e1
“diploid wild Brassica rapa”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 31–57

Title

Performance of aneuploid backcross hybrids between the crop Brassica napus and its wild relative B. rapa

T. J. de Jong; K. Escobedo Quevedo; C. A. M. van der Veen‐van Wijk; et al. Plant Biology 2017. doi:10.1111/plb.12629

Other claims from this paper (6)

Observation BC1 average DNA value was similar to parental values.
Observation F2 average DNA value was 13% higher than F1.
Observation Under optimal and drought conditions, BC1 hybrid growth and survival were similar to B. rapa.
Association Growth and DNA value were not significantly correlated.
Association Survival and DNA value were not significantly correlated.
Observation Aneuploid plants were not inferior in the growth room and may persist in nature.

Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The authors attribute aneuploid embryo survival to euploid endosperm.

Taxon: LiliumLiliume0
Organ / stage: euploid endosperme0
Outcome: aneuploid embryo survivale0

Verbatim

e0
“Based on megasporogenesis, we deduce that the endosperm of 3 x × 2 x is 7 x and that of 3 x × 4 x is 8 x in Lilium and conclude that the aneuploid embryo survival of 3 x × 2 x /4 x in Lilium is the result of the euploid endosperm.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 783–1013

Title

Euploid Endosperm of Triploid × Diploid/tetraploid Crosses Results in Aneuploid Embryo Survival in Lilium

Shujun Zhou; Guixue Zhou; Kehu Li HortScience 2011. doi:10.21273/hortsci.46.4.558

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation Fruits fully developed in all triploid by diploid or tetraploid lily crosses.
Observation Triploid by diploid or tetraploid lily crosses yielded seedlings.
Observation The progeny of these crosses were predominantly aneuploid.
Observation The inferred endosperm ploidy in 3x by 2x Lilium crosses was 7x.
Observation The inferred endosperm ploidy in 3x by 4x Lilium crosses was 8x.
Recommendation The authors suggest male-sterile autotriploid lilies as female parents.
Recommendation The authors propose aneuploids from these crosses as cultivar-breeding material.

Method / resource 19

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Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The improved cacao somatic embryogenesis protocol gave better embryo recovery and survival than previous work

Taxon: Theobroma cacaoTheobroma cacaot0
Outcome: embryo recovery and survival ratee6
Comparator: previous worke6

Verbatim

t0
“Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Clones”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 38–68

e6
“describes an improved protocol compared with previous work in terms of embryo recovery and survival rate”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1874–1978

Title

Enhanced Plantlet Regeneration in Two Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Clones from Immature Inflorescence Explants

Jane Kahia; Siaka Kone; Lucien Diby; et al. HortScience 2017. doi:10.21273/hortsci11844-17

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect 10 µM 2,4-D with 5 µM kinetin gave the highest mean embryo number per explant in cacao clone C1
Intervention effect 10 µM 2,4-D with 5 µM kinetin increased embryo number in cacao clone C1 9-fold relative to the control medium
Intervention effect 10 µM 2,4-D with 2.5 µM kinetin gave the highest mean embryo number per explant in cacao clone C14
Intervention effect 20 µM 2,4-D with 2.5 µM kinetin gave the highest mean embryo number in cacao clones C1 and C14
Observation Regenerated cacao embryos weaned in the greenhouse had a 70% survival rate
Observation Somatic embryogenesis of cacao clones is genotype dependent

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The protocol produced 20 transgenic clones per 0.5g inoculated tissue with 80% embryo survival in Kent mango.

Taxon: mangoMangifera indicat0
Material: Kente1
Outcome: transgenic clonese0
Value: Twenty transgenic clones per 0.5ge0
Qualifier: 80% embryo survivale0

Verbatim

e0
“Twenty transgenic clones per 0.5g of inoculated tissues with 80% embryo survival were produced”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1338–1432

e1
“transgenic somatic embryos and plants of the Kent variety”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1259–1316

t0
“mango”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 51–56

Title

Insertion of Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB Gene in mango

Marleny Chavarri; Ariadne Vegas García; Asia Y. Zambrano; et al. Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) 2010

Other claims from this paper (5)

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivenot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Zygotic embryo survival after cryopreservation was 100%, without significant treatment differences.

Taxon: Jatropha curcas L.Jatropha curcast0
Treatment: cryopreservatione0
Outcome: Survival of zygotic embryose0
Value: 100%e0

Verbatim

e0
“Survival of zygotic embryos after cryopreservation was also 100%, without significant differences between treatments.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 662–779

t0
“Jatropha curcas L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 41–59

Title

Cryopreservation of Seeds and Embryos of Jatropha curcas L.

Julián Andrés Prada; María Elena Aguilar; Ana Abdelnour-Esquivel; et al. American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015. doi:10.4236/ajps.2015.61020

Other claims from this paper (6)

Method / resource Seed germination after liquid nitrogen exposure was 100%.
Intervention effect Plantlet development was better in sand substrate than in vitro.
Method / resource Embryos dried for 60 min to 9.4% moisture before cryopreservation had optimal development of 100%.
Method / resource Embryos dried for 60 min to 9.4% moisture before cryopreservation had plantlet length of 51.77 mm.
Method / resource Vitrified zygotic embryos did not withstand liquid nitrogen exposure.
Method / resource Survival of non-cryopreserved embryos after vitrification steps provided information about cryoprotectant tolerance.

Recommendation 10

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Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend altering the procedures to improve embryo survival.

Taxon: PECANCarya illinoinensist0
Outcome: increase the probability of embryo survivale0

Verbatim

e0
“the procedures used in the current study should be altered to increase the probability of embryo survival”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 779–884

t0
“PECAN”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 45–50

Title

CRYOGENICS AND TISSUE CULTURE FOR PRESERVING PECAN GERMPLASM

S. Abou Taleb; I. Yates; B.W. Wood; et al. HortScience 1992. doi:10.21273/hortsci.27.6.693c

Other claims from this paper (5)

Intervention effect Optimum germination with minimum contamination occurred when 12% of the kernel remained intact.
Intervention effect Liquid nitrogen reduced the percentage of embryos developing into intact plants.
Observation Curtis had a significantly higher shoots-only morphogenic response than other cultivars.
Observation Shoshoni had a significantly higher shoots-only morphogenic response than other cultivars.
Method / resource Cryogenic storage of pecan zygotic embryos was feasible for germplasm preservation.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Early embryo rescue at 7 11 days after pollination could greatly increase hybrid plant survival.

Taxon: Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: embryo reskue techniquee0
Outcome: frequency of hybrid plant survivale0
Direction: increase greatlye0
Qualifier: 7 11d after pollinatione0

Verbatim

e0
“If embryo reskue technique was employed at the early stage of hybrid embryo development 7 11d after pollination,it could increase greatly the frequency of hybrid plant survival”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 723–899

t0
“Triticum aestivum”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 64–81

Title

Fertilization and early embryo development in the cross between Triticum aestivum and Dasypyrum villosum

Zhou Yong Xi'nan nongye xuebao 1999

Other claims from this paper (8)

Observation Dasypyrum pollen germinated normally on wheat stigmas and pollen tubes entered embryo sacs.
Observation Double fertilization with embryo and endosperm occurred in 13 81% of observed ovaries.
Observation Only embryo formed in 16 19% of observed ovaries.
Observation Only endosperm formed in 4 76% of observed ovaries.
Observation Total fertilization rate was 34 76%.
Observation Total embryo formation rate was 30 00%.
Observation Endosperm developed more slowly than embryo and was abnormal, absent or later vanished.
Mechanism Abnormal or missing endosperm made viable mature seed production very difficult.

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Physical, chemical or combined protection methods are likely required to increase embryo survival and plantlet formation of Syzygium maire after cryopreservation.

Taxon: Syzygium maireSyzygium mairet0
Organ / stage: zygotic embryost0
Outcome: protection methodse4
Qualifier: to increase embryo survival and plantlet formation following cryopreservatione4

Verbatim

t0
“Syzygium maire zygotic embryos”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 125–155

e4
“S. maire embryos are sensitive to desiccation and likely require physical, chemical or a combination of protection methods to increase embryo survival and plantlet formation following cryopreservation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1211–1411

Title

Evaluation of droplet-vitrification, vacuum infiltration vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration for cryopreservation of Syzygium maire zygotic embryos.

K van der Walt; P Kemp; S Sofkova-Bobcheva; et al. PubMed 2022

Other claims from this paper (6)

Intervention effect Encapsulated embryo axes desiccated to 31% and 37% moisture content survived cryopreservation.
Intervention effect Encapsulated embryo axes desiccated to 31% and 37% moisture content formed no plantlets following cryopreservation.
Intervention effect PVS2 vitrification by the DV method had a negative impact on embryo survival and plantlet formation of Syzygium maire embryos.
Intervention effect DVIV resulted in improved results for non-cryopreserved Syzygium maire embryo axes.
Intervention effect Neither PVS2 vitrification method resulted in embryo survival of Syzygium maire embryos following cryopreservation.
Observation Syzygium maire embryos are sensitive to desiccation.

“embryo survival”

Claim types

Direction of the findings

Over time

Claim type

Research area

Polarity

Statistics

Intervention effect 193

Observation 139

Association 70

Mechanism 22

Method / resource 19

Recommendation 10