Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a widely cultivated and versatile fruit. Tomato production faces various constraints, both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is a devastating disease that affects tomato plants worldwide, causing significant economic losses in tomato cultivation. Inthis study the potential use of biofortified vermicompost for wilt management was investigated. The biological control agents viz. Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were used to fortified the vermicpompost. The study monitored various antioxidants, plant growth indicators, and disease rates across designated treatments at different intervals. The findings revealed substantial differences: tomato plants treated with biofortified vermicompost showed notable reductions in disease occurrence, improved growth, increased yields, and heightened antioxidant activity compared to the control. Among these treatments, the most remarkable outcomes were observed in plants treated with T. harzianum fortified vermicompost, exhibiting the highest recorded values across the parameters studied. Data revealed that the Tomato plants treated with vermicompost fortified with Trichoderma showed maximum root length (14.95 cm) after 15 days of sowing followed by T-2 (11.25 cm) and T-3 (9.85 cm). Maximum dry weight was observed in plants treated with vermicompost fortified with Trichoderma. Maximum PAL, PO and PPO activity was recorded in leaves from plant grown in vermicompost fortified with T. harzianum (T1) at 48 h followed by T2, T3 and T4. The findings revealed tomato plants treated with biofortified vermicompost showed notable reductions in disease occurrence, improved growth, increased yields, and higher accumulation of defense enzyme activity compared to the control.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Biofortified vermicompost reduced Fusarium wilt occurrence relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- biofortified vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- disease occurrencee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedInteractorInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants treated with biofortified vermicompost showed notable reductions in disease occurrence, improved growth, increased yields, and heightened antioxidant activity compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofortified vermicompost improved tomato growth relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biofortified vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants treated with biofortified vermicompost showed notable reductions in disease occurrence, improved growth, increased yields, and heightened antioxidant activity compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofortified vermicompost increased tomato yield relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biofortified vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants treated with biofortified vermicompost showed notable reductions in disease occurrence, improved growth, increased yields, and heightened antioxidant activity compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofortified vermicompost heightened tomato antioxidant activity relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- biofortified vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- heightenede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants treated with biofortified vermicompost showed notable reductions in disease occurrence, improved growth, increased yields, and heightened antioxidant activity compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-fortified vermicompost produced the greatest observed outcomes among treatments.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum fortified vermicomposte0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- highest recorded values across the parameters studiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among these treatments, the most remarkable outcomes were observed in plants treated with T. harzianum fortified vermicompost, exhibiting the highest recorded values across the parameters studied.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-fortified vermicompost gave tomato roots a maximum length of 14.95 cm after 15 days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- vermicompost fortified with Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 14.95 cme0
- Qualifier
- after 15 days of sowinge0
- Comparator
- T-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tomato plants treated with vermicompost fortified with Trichoderma showed maximum root length (14.95 cm) after 15 days of sowing followed by T-2 (11.25 cm) and T-3 (9.85 cm).”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T-2 gave tomato root length of 11.25 cm after 15 days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T-2e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 11.25 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (14.95 cm) after 15 days of sowing followed by T-2 (11.25 cm) and T-3 (9.85 cm).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T-3 gave tomato root length of 9.85 cm after 15 days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T-3e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 9.85 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length (14.95 cm) after 15 days of sowing followed by T-2 (11.25 cm) and T-3 (9.85 cm).”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-fortified vermicompost produced maximum tomato dry weight.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- vermicompost fortified with Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- Maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum dry weight was observed in plants treated with vermicompost fortified with Trichoderma.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum-fortified vermicompost produced maximum PAL, PO and PPO activity at 48 h.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- vermicompost fortified with T. harzianum (T1)e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- PAL, PO and PPO activitye0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Qualifier
- at 48 he0
- Comparator
- T2, T3 and T4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum PAL, PO and PPO activity was recorded in leaves from plant grown in vermicompost fortified with T. harzianum (T1) at 48 h followed by T2, T3 and T4.”
t0“Tomato”
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